15 Maret 2011

Pengoruh Modal don Tenaga Kerja terhadep Produksi Pupukpoda PTPupuk Iskandar Muda-Lhoweumawe 133

PENGARUH MODAL DAN TENAGA KERJA TERHADAP PRODUKSI PUPUK PODA PT.ISKANDAR MUDA-LHOWEUMAWE 133
BY:YUNIAR

Yusniar,
Pengoruh Modal don Tenaga Kerja terhadep Produksi Pupukpoda PTPupuk Iskandar Muda-Lhoweumawe 133
Aspek ekonomi suatu perusahaanlindustri dapat
dipandang dari sisi input (masukan) maupun dari sisi
output (keluaran). Pandangan dari sisi input menganggap
bahwa nilai output merupakan fungsi dari
penggunaan input. Sedangkan pandangan dari sisi
output menganggap bahwa biaya merupakan fungsi
dari output. Indikator ekonomi yang mempengaruhi
tingkat output adalah investasilmodal, tenaga kerja
serta kemajuan teknologi. Penggunaan teknologi yang
lebih maju akan menciptakan efisiensi dalam produksi
yang akhirnya berdampak pada output. Dengan
demikian, proses produksi akan lebih efisien bila pertumbuhan
output lebih disebabkan oleh peningkatan
produksi yangtercermin dari rasio output-input yang
meningkatkan dari penambahan dari jumlah unit dari
faktor produksi (Battie dan Taylor, 1994).
Pupuk urea merupakan unsur penting dalam
pertanian. Pupukdigunakan oleh petani untukmenambahan
hasil pertanian. Agar petani yang umumnya
berpendapatan rendah dapat membeli pupuk yang
dijual oleh produsen, maka pupuktersebut hams dijual
dengan harga yang terjangkau. Dalam rangka menekan
harga pupuk yang optimal tentu tidak terlepas
dari bagaimana pupuk tersebut diproduksi. Faktor produksi
merupakan ha1 yang sangat menentukan bagi
produsen pupuk, agar output yang mareka hasilkan
sanggup dibeli oleh konsumen. Untuk itu, makamenajemen
perusahaan harus mengkonsentrasikan ke
tingkat efisiensi yang tinggi bagi perusahaan agar
keuntungan yang diperoleh dapat optimal.
Produksi optimal dapat dicapai apabila penggunaan
input sebaik mungkin. Alokasi input yang baik
dapat dilihat dari berapa sumhangan seluruh input
terhadap produksi. Return To Scale (RTS) menggambarkan
pada posisi mana perusahaan berada, bila
tambahan input secara proposional mengakibatkan
bertambahnya output yang lebih kecil daripada
tambahan input, maka perusahaan berada pada decreasing
retur to scale dan bila tambahan input
secara proporsional mengakibatkan bertambahnya
output dalam jumlah yang lebih besar daripada
tambahan input, maka perusahaan berada pada increasing
return to scale dan perusahaan belum
mencapai efisiensi. Kontribusi input yang optimal
dicapai bila tambahan input proporsional dengan
tambahan output maka posisi perusahaan pada constant
return to scale. Efisiensi dicapai perusahaan
pada posisi constant return to scale (Pappas, 1995).
Hipotesis
Faktor produksi modal dan tenaga kerja berpengamh
terhadap produksi.
Skala produksi PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda adalah
Constant return to Scale.
METODE
Penelitian dilakukan di kantor Pusat PT Pupuk
lskandar Muda Krueng Geukueli Jalan Medan -
Banda Aceh Kecamatan Dewantara Kabupaten
Aceh Utara Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. Untuk
keperluan analisis dalam penelitian ini digunakan model
analisis fungsi produksi CobbDouglas, yaitu:
Di mana:
Q =Output
K =Input Modal
L =Input tenaga kerja
Po = Constanta
p, = Elastisitas input modal
p, = Elastisitas input tenaga kerja
Untuk menjelaskan Return To Scale (RTS)
maka harus dilihat besaran elastisitas dari masingmasing
faktor produksi. Decreasing return to scale
diartikan bahwa proporsi penambahan faktor produksi
akan menghasilkan tambahan produksi yang lebih
kecil, melipatduakan masukan akan memheri hasil
yang kurang dari dua kali lipat, ha1 ini ditunjukan oleh
(P + P < 1).
Increasing return to scale diartikan proporsi
penambahan faktor produksi akan menambah produksi
yang lebih besar, melipatduakan masukan akan
mengakibatkan perubahan hasil yang lebih dari dua
kali lipat, ha1 ini ditunjukan oleh (P + P > I).
Constant return to scale diartikan proporsi penambahan
faktor oroduksi akan menambah oroduksi
dengan proporsi yang sama, melipatduakan masukan
mengakibatkan menambah produksi dengan proporsi
yang sama, ha1 ini ditunjukan oleh (P + P = I).
Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini merupakan
data sekunder yang diambil dari Badan Pusat
Statisik (BPS) Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan langsung
di kantor Pusat PT Pupuk lskandar Muda
Lhokseumawe (2006). Sesuai dengan ketersedian
134 JURNAL APLIKASI MANAJEMEN, VOLUME 5. NOMOR I , APRIL 2007
data yang ada, ada tiga kategori variabel yang digunakan
yaitu modal, tenaga kerja dan produksi. Modal
adalah pertumbuhan modal atas dasar harga konstan
yang dinyatakan dalam persentase. Tenaga kerjaadalah
pertumbuhan tenaga kerja yang dinyatakan dalam
persen dan produksi adalah pertumbuhan produksi
atas dasar harga konstan yang dinyatakan dalam
persentase.
Kegiatan Usaha Perusahaan
PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda bergerak dalam
bidang industri yang menghasilkan pupuk urea sebagai
produk utama. Dengan menggunakan proses Mitsui
Toatsu Total Recyicle C. Improvet, unit ini mampu
memproduksi pupuk urea butiran dengan kapasitas
terpasang 1725 tonlhari, atau 570.000 ton pertahun.
Urea butiran yang dihasilkan disimpan dalam bulk
storage ataupun ke unit pengantongan dan siap
dipasarkan oleh PT Pusri. Selain produk utama PT
Pupuk Iskandar Muda juga menghasilkan amoniak,
unit ini berkemampuan memproduksikan amoniak
11 70 tonlhari atau 386.000 tonltahun dengan menggunakan
proses kenlog dari Amerika dengan bahan
baku gas alam, uap, air dan udara. PT Pupuk Iskandar
Muda juga menghasilkan produk sampingan, yaitu
Oksigen (02), Nitrogen cair (N2 Liquid), Nifrogen
Gns (N2 gas) dun Gas Argon.
Untuk memproduksi pupuk urea bahan mentah
yang diperlukan adalah gas alam (natural gas) yang
dibeli dari PT Arm LNG Co, air bersih, air untuk
pendingin, air bebas mineral untuk ketel uap, uap air,
udara instrumen, tenaga listrik dan oksigen serta nitrogen.
Bahan baku berupa air diperoleh dari Krueng
Peusangan, tenaga lishik dibangkitkan oleh gas turbin
generator yang berkapasitas desain 15 MW. Bahan
lain adalah Cizenzical(bahan kimia), Catalyst (bahan
pembantu untuk berlangsungnya proses kimia) dan
Lubricatin oil (minyak pelumas).
Secara garis besar pabrik ini dibagi dalam 3 unit
kegiatan usaha, yaitu:
UnitAmoniak, unit ini mengolah bahan gas alam
(CH) air dan udara menjadi amoniak dan karbon
dioksida. I
Unit Urea, unit ini berfungsi mengoiah amoniak
dan karbon dioksida menjadi pupuk urea.
Unit Utilitas, unit ini berfungsi memproses
penyediaan bahan kebutuhan seperti.
Air bersih untuk bahan baku, air untuk pendingin,
air bebas miniral dan ketel uap, uap air, udara
inshumen, tenaga listrik dan oksigen serta nitrogen.
Bahan baku berupa air di peroleh dari Krueng
Peusangan, tenaga listrik dibangkitkan oleh gas
turbin generator yang berkapasitas 15 MW.
Bahan baku udara yang diperoleh dari udara
bebas di dalam Fractionation Column didinginkan
dengan berdasarkan perbedaan titik embun,
sehingga unsur nitrogen dapat dipisahkan.
Produksi PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda sebagian
besar dipasarkan di dalam negeri dan dipegang oleh
PT Pupuk Sriwijaya sebagai distributor tunggal,
sedangkan untuk luar negeri dipasarkan sendiri oleh
PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda. Sejak mulai berproduksi,
PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda telah berkembang dari
tahun ketahun. Dalam usahaoptimalisasi produksi dan
pemasaran perusahaan telah mampu memasarkan
produksinya ke Cina, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Korea
dan negara-negara di Amerika Latin.
Perkembangan Modal
Modal adalah semua biaya yang digunakan dalam
proses produksi baik biaya variabel maupun biaya
tetap. Biaya-biaya tersebut dalam kegiatan produksi
sering juga disebut dengan biaya input (Husnan dan
Enny 2002). Komposisi biayavariabel pada PT Pupuk
lskandar Muda terdiri dari bahan baku, bahan bakar
dan bahan penolong lainnya. Penggunaan biaya inputlmodal,
tenaga kerja dan produksi pupuk pada PT
Pupuk Iskandar Muda periode 2000-2004 terus
meningkat mencapai 8,07%/tahun. Peningkatan ini
sangat dipengaruhi oleh kenaikan suku bunga, tarif
pajak dan kebijakan struktur modal. Input yang
digunakan oleh PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda untuk nielakukan
produksi pupuk terdiri dari gas alam sebagai
bahan baku dan energi, air bersih, bahan kimia, tenaga
kerja dan input pendukung lainnya
Selain tenaga kerja semua input di atas disediakan
oleh utility, yaitu suatu unit kerja yang bertugas
menyediakan semua kebutuhan bahan baku dan
lainnya yang dibutuhkan oleh unit-unit lainnya. Inputinput
tersebut mempunyai karakteristik yang berbeda
dalam penyediaannya, gas alam sepenuhnya dibeli
oleh PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda dari PT Arun di
Lhokseumawe yakni sebuah perusahaan eksplorasi
gas alam terbesar di Indonesia yang melakukan kerja
sama atau kontrak dengan PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda
Yusniar, Pengaruh Modal dun Tenago Kerja lerhadap.Produkri Pupukpada PT Pupuk lskandar Muda-Lhowseumawr 135
dalam menyediakan gas alam yang dibutuhkan oleh
PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda. Sementara untuk kebutuhan
input air dilakukan penyedapan sendiri oleh PT
Pupuk Iskandar Muda di sungai Peusangan. Hal ini
disebabkanjumlah kualitas air yang dibutuhkan oleh
PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda sangat besar dan benarbenar
bersih. Sementara untuk input bahan kimia
dibeli dari pihak luar dengan melakukan tender kepada
rekanan penyedia kebutuhan bahan baku PT Pupuk
Iskandar Muda. Namun, untuk bahan kimia ammonia
yang dibutuhkan sangat besar dan merupakan
bahan kimia yang berbabaya dan sulit untuk proses
pengangkutan dan juga sangat mahal, maka PT Pupuk
Iskandar Muda mengambil inisiatif melalui studi
kelayakan untuk memproduksi sendiri amonia yang
dibutuhkan untuk bahan dasar pembuatan pupuk.
Sedangkan tenaga kerja merupakan input tetap yang
disediakan oleh departemen personalia. Biaya variabel
rata-rata dari tahun ke tahun didominasi oleh biaya
bahan baku, yaitu mencapai 70%. PT Pupuk Iskandar
Muda termasuk jenis industri yang banyak menggunakan
bahan baku gas alam dibandingkan dengan
bahan baku lainnya.
Perkembangan Tenaga Kerja
Kebadiran PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda di
Lhokseumawe telah banyak menyerap tenaga kerja
yang dapat bekerja pada perusahaan besar ini.
Meskipun berlokasi di Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda tetap menampung lapangan
kerja dan kesempatan berkarir kepada segenap putraputri
Indonesia yang terbaik dari segenap penjuru
tanah air. Tenaga kerja PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda
didominasi oleh karyawan yang berasal dari propinsi
Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan propinsi Sumatera
Utara, akan tetapi pada PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda
terdapat juga karyawan yang berasal dari semua
propinsi di pulau Jawa bahkan ada yang berasal dari
Indonesia bagian timur seperti Bali dan Maluku
(Pupuk Iskandar Muda PT, 2004).
Menurut, Tadaro (1999) bahwa keberadaan
perusahaan besar baik swasta maupun asing secara
langsung atau tidak langsung akan mempengaruhi
keaadaan ekonomi rnasyarakat sekitar. Hal ini bisa
terjadi karena berusahaan besar banyak menyerap
tenaga kerja, dengan demikian secara langsung akan
membuka kesempatan kerja yang besar dan selanjutnya,
akan menjadi daya tarik bagi tenaga kerja dari
luar daerah. Sedangkan pengaruh tidak langsung
adalah jumlah penduduk di daerah tersebut akan meningkat
tajam bahkan dapat terjadi ledakan penduduk
karena biasanya perusahaan akan membawa karyawan
tetap. Meningkatnya jumlah penduduk disekitar
perusahaan akan mendorong tumbuhnya berbagai
kegiatan ekonomi untuk memenuhi kehidupan. Dalam
arti positifnya bahwa pertumbuhan penduduk merupakan
pendorong meningkatnya kegiatan ekonomi.
Keberadaan PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda tentunya
mampu meningkatkan taraf kehidupan karyawan dan
masyarakat sekitar pada umumnya dan mampu
merubah kondisi kehidupan masyarakat yang serba
kekurangan menuju kepada kondisi kehidupan yang
Iebih baik. Hal ini dikarenakan setiap karyawan yang
bekerja pada PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda tentu akan
memperoleh penghasilan tetap setiap bulan sebagai
kompensasi dari jasa yang diberikan. Persoalan tingkat
penghasilan karyawan yang berbeda-beda, ha1 ini
bergantung pada besarnya kontribusi yangdiberikan
padaperusahaan. Tingkat penghasilan ini lnerupakan
gaji setiap bulan untuk setiapjabatan. Selain gaji pokok
karyawan juga menerima tunjangan-tunjangan sesuai
dengan jabatan masing-masing dan menerima bonus
setiap akbir tahun.
Perkembangan Produksi
Salah satu masalah utama dalam ketenagakerjaan
adalab tingkat produktivitas tenaga kerja. Untuk
mengukur tingkat produktivitas adalah kemampuan
tenaga kerjadalam menghasilkan produk atau dengan
cara lazim digunakan adalah memhagi nilai tambah
denganjumlah tenaga kerja yang terlibat dalam proses
produksi (Herjanto Eddy, 1999). Berdasarkan uraian
di atas, maka untuk mengukur tingkat produktivitas
adalah perbandingan antara total produksi yang
dihasilkan dengan total input yang digunakan.
Dalam aspek produksi dari tahun pertama berproduksi
yaitu tahun 1985 perkembangan produktivitas
pupuk sangat membanggakan rata-rata berproduksi - -
di atas kapasitas terpasang yaitu 570.000 tonltahun.
Keberhasilan produksi pupuk tidak terlepas dari produksi
amonia, karena bahan ini merupakan produk
antara untuk menghasilkan urea. Sejak tahun 1985
produksi amonia juga selau diatas kapasitas terpasang
yaitu 330.000 tonltahun (BPS, 2006).
Pencapaian kinerja produksi tidak hanyadisebabkan
oleh manajemen operasi yang handal. Hal inijuga
didukung oleh usaha-usaha pemeliharaan pabrik yang
terencana dengan baik, di antaranya melalui
136 JURNAL APLIKASIMANAJEMEN, VOLUME 5, XOMOR I, APRIL 2007
penerapan maintenance management, baik dalam
bentuk breaMownpreventive yaitu dengan melakukan
kegiatan pemeliharaan setelah terjadinya suatu
kerusakan atau kelainan padaperalatanlfasilitas produksi
maupunpredictive maintenance yaitu kegiatan
pemeliharaan dengan maksud mencegah timbulnya
kerusakan pada peralatanlfasilitas produksi yang
dilakukan secara teratur dan proaktif. Keadaan ini
juga dipengaruhi oleh sumber dayamanusia PT Pupuk
Iskandar Muda yang lebih mengedepankan unsur
profesionalisme, integrasi dan kebersamaan sebagai
basis penilaian kerja dan juga dalam aspek teknologi
informasi yang terhubung dengan jaringan global.
Produksi pupuk yang dihasilkan oleh PT Pupuk
Iskandar Muda umumnya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan
petani dalam negeri di wilayah barat, yaitu wilayah
Propinsi Nanggro Aceh Darussalam, Sumatera Utara
dan Propinsi Riau. Sedangkan sisanya dijual ekspor
dengan tujuan utama negara Asia Tenggara. Pemasaran
Pupuk PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda untuk dalam
negeri sebahagian besar diserap oleh PT Pusri sebagai
distributor tunggal untuk urea sektor pangan. Sedangkan
pupuk urea untuk sektor perkebunan dan industri
pemasarannya dilakukan sendiri oleh PT Pupuk
Iskandar Muda. Oleh karenanya, untuk pemasaran
dalam negeri pembelian pupuk urea oleh PT Pusri
sejak tahun 1985 sampai dengan 2004 sangat dominan,
yaitu mencapai 94% dari total pemasaran pupuk urea
dalarn negeri. Sedangkan pemasaran pupuk yang
dilakukan langsung oleh PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda
untuk perkebunan dan industri masing-masing hanya
3%.
PEMBAHASAN
Dalam mengestimasi suatu fungsi produksi
dengan menggunakan regresi linier berganda dan perlu
melihat apakah model regresi tersebut memenuhi
syarat Best ~ i i i e~rn b i aEss timation (BLUE) meliputi
uji normalitas, goodness ofFit, multikolinearitas dan
autokorelasi (Gujarati, Domandar, 1995).
Berdasarkan hasil regresi diperoleh nilai R
Square = 0,888 menunjukkan bahwa 88,88% variasi
variabel modal dan variasi tenaga kerja mampu menjelaskan
variasi variabel output, sedangkan sisanya
0,112 atau 11,20% dijelaskan oleh varaibel lain yang
tidakditeliti. Untukmelihat kelayakan model dilihat
dari nilai F yang diperoleh sebesar 146,396 dengan
nilai sig ,000 <probabilitas 0,05. Hal ini menunjukan
adanya kelayakan model dalam penelitian ini.
Untuk melihat normal tidaknya residual data maka
dilihat dari nilai Kolmogorov Smimov. Besamya nilai
Kolmogorov - Smirnov adalah 0,780 dan tingkat sig
pada a = 0,05 (kama nilai sig = 0,577 > 0,05). Jadi
disimpulkan bahwa residual terdistribusi secara normal
(Imam Ghazali :2005). Selanjutnya, Nilai (Variance
Inflasi FactorlVIP) untuk modal dan tenaga
kerja kurang dari 5. Dengan demikian, multikolinearitas
di antara variabel independent dalam penelitian
ini dapat ditolerir.
Semua koefisien bertanda positif yang berarti
setiap ada kenaikan input maka output juga mengalami
kenaikan. Kedua faktor ini signifikan karena
nilai sig dari Fhltvnsge besar 0,000 dengan demikian,
modal dan tenaga kerja secara simultan berpengaruh
terhadap produksi. Namun, besarnya pengaruh kedua
faktor ini adalah 88,80%. Dengan demikian, hipotesis
yang menyatakan bahwa modal dan tenaga kerja
berpengan~hte rhadap produksi pupuk diterima. Kalau
dilihat pengaruh variabel modal secara parsial terhadap
variabel produksi adalah sebesar 0,983 dan nilai
sig adalah 0,000 dengan kata lain bahwa, tingkat
elastisitas output terhadap input modal adalah 0,983
yang artinya jika modal berubah 1% menyebabkan
perubahan pada produksi sebesar 0,983%, Penelitian
ini didukung oleh Penelitian Firdaus (2000) yang
menyatakan bahwa adanya pengaruh antara pengguna
modal terhadap output. Sedangkan pengaruh
variabel tenaga kerja terhadap produksi secara parsial
adalah 0,164. Tingkat elastisitas output terhadap input
tenaga kerja adalah sebesar 0,164 yang artinya
jika tenaga kerja berubah 1% maka produksi juga
berubah 0,164%.
Tabel lHasil Regresi Output SPSS
Variabel Koefesien Estimasi thitunc Sig
Constanta 0,605 1,826 0,76
Modal 01983 161719 0.00
Tenaga kerja 0: 164 41772 0,OO
R = 0,942 R2 = 0,888 F,,,, = 146,396 DW = 1,925
Kolmogorov Smirnov Z = 0,780 Asymp Sfg . = 0,577
J'usniar, Pengaruh Modal dm Tenaga Kerja terhodap Produkri Pupukpada PTPupuk Iskandar Muda-Lhowseumawe 137
Bila dilihat dari pelanggaran asumsi klasik tidak
terjadi autokorelasi dan multikolinearitas tidak ditemukan
dalam estimasi fungsi produksi. Karena semua
persoalan pelanggaran asumsi klasik tidakditemukan
maka model dalam penelitian ini dapat digunakan alat
uji Return to Scale (RTS).
Untuk menguji kategori Return to Scale dapat
ditentukan berdasarkan estimasi persamaan pada
Tabel 1.
Dari h a d estimasi dengan menggunakan nilai
koefisien pl + P2 yaitu 0,983 + 0,164 = 1,147 atau
nilai koefisien lebih besar dari satu artinya batiwa PT
Pupuk Iskandar Muda Lhokseumawe berproduksi
pada posisi skala hasil yang meningkat (increasing
return to scale). Terjadinya increasing return to
scale berimplikasi economic to scale yaitu biaya ratarata
akan turun sejalan dengan kenaikanjumlah output.
Keadaan ini juga dipengaruhi oleh sumber daya
manusia PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda lebih mengedepankan
profesionalisme, integrasi dan kebersamaan
sebagai basis penilaian kerja dan juga aspekteknologi
informasi yang terhubung dengan jaringan global.
Penelitian ini berbedadengan penelitian yang dilakukan
oleh Mawardati (2003) yang menemukan bahwa
industri skala besar adalah decreasing return to
scale.
Dengan hasil analisis ini hipotesis yang menyatakan
bahwa produksi pupuk PT Pupuk Iskandar
Muda berada pada constant retun to scale ditolak.
Fungsi ini juga menggambarkan bahwa proses
produksi PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda sudah cukup
efisien, karena setiap ada penambahan input akan
meningkat jumlah output yang lebih besar. Namun
demikian, karena besamya elastisitas faktor produksi
modal menunjukkan bahwa PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda
Lhokseumawe bersifat padat modal. Modal menunjukkan
pengaruh yang lebih besar terhadap upaya
peningkatan produksi pupuk dibandingkan tenaga
kerja.
KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
Kesimpulan
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan
maka dapat digmpulkan bahwa:
Penggunaan faktor produksi modal dan tenaga
kerja terhadap kegiatan produksi pupuk PT Pupuk
Iskandar Muda berpengaruh terhadap produksi. Hasil
analisis data dengan uji serempak dan uji parsial
menunjukkan bahwa faktor produksi modal dan tenaga
kerja berpengamh terhadap produksi. Dan dilihat dari
kepekaan penggunaan faktor produksi terhadap
kegiatan produksi temyata modal lebih elastis dibanding
tenaga kerja. Artinya, penggunaan modal lebih
berpengamh terhadap produksi dibandingkan tenaga
kerja secara dan relatif PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda
memilih teknologi padat modal.
Dari penggabungan koefisien regresi pl + P2
diperoleh nilai 1,147 lebih besar dari satu yang berarti
bahwa PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda berada pada increasing
return to scale atau proporsi penambahan
faktor produksi akan menghasilkan tambahan hasil
produksi lebih besar dari penambahan faktor produksi,
ha1 ini ditunjukkan oleh pl + P2 > 1. Dengan
keberhasilan hasil produksi pupuk pada keadaan increasing
tidak terlepas pada manajemen PT Pupuk
Iskandar Muda yang selalu memperhatikan rencana
pengembangan yang berkesinambungan yang meliputi
pengembangan sistem, sumber daya manusia dan
teknologi serta peningkatan kapasistas produksi.
Saran
Apabila PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda menginginkan
peningkatan produksi, maka diperlukan penambahan
modal. ~ e n g i pne nambahan modal maka !Jemsahaan
memasuki perubahan teknologi yang memungkinkan
pemsahaan memproduksi lebih banyak. Namun, disisi
lain penambahan input yang mengakibatkan penambahan
output lebih besar juga kurang baik karena
pada saat tersebut ongkos produksi per unit mengalami
peningkatan.
Melihat kenyataannya PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda
harus meningkatkan efisiensi mengingat peranannya
dalam meningkatkan pembangunan ekonomi khususnya
disektor pertanian. Untuk mencapai efisiensi
hendaknya diciptakan sistem informasi yang baik
antara perusahaan dan pemerintah serta meningkatkan
kemajuan manajemen mengkombinasikan faktor
produksi sehingga terdapat keseimbangan elastisitas
penggunaan faktor produksi yang akhirnya akan
menghasilkan produksi yang optimal.
DAPTAR RUJUKAN
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
2006.
Beattie, R., Bruce., dan Taylor, R.C. 1994. Ekonorni
Produksi. Yogyakarta: UGM PRESS.
138 JURNAL APLlKASl MANAJEMEN, VOLUME 5, NOMOR I. APRIL 2007
Firdaus, A. 2000. Analisis Pengaruh Faktor Produksi
Modal dun Tenaga Kerja terhadap Output pada
P ~ N s T~arnXban~g T imah Indonesia. (Tesis) Universitas
Padjajaran Bandung.
Ghazali, 1. 2005. Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan
Program SPSS. Semarang: Penerbit Universitas
Diponogoro.
Gujarati, D. 1999. Ekonometrika Dasar, Terjemahan
Sumarno Zain. Jakata: Penerbit Erlangga.
Herjanto, E. 199. Dasar-dasar Manajemen Produksi dun
Operasi. Yogyakarta: Penerbit BPFE.
Husnan, S., dan Enny, P. 2002. Dasar-dasar Manajemen
Keuangan. Edisi Ketiga. Yogyakarta: Penerbit
Akademi Manajemen Perusahaan YKPN.
Mawardati. 2003. Analisis Input Output Perusahan Kecil
dun Sedang di Indonesia, Tesis, Universitas Syiah
Kuala.
Pappas, J.L., dan Mark, H. 1995. Alih bahasa Ekonomi
Manujerial. Edisi keenam jillid 1, Binampa Aksara
Indonesia.
Pupuk Iskandar Muda. PT. 2003. Perjalanan Tantangan
dun Masa Depan.
Tadaro, M.P. 1999. Pembangunan ekonomi di dunia Ketiga,
Edisi Keenam. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.

11 Maret 2011

West Papua Report March 2011

http://www.etan.org/issues/wpapua/2011/1103wpap.htm
[http://www.etan.org/issues/wpapua/2011/1103wpap.htm]
[http://www.etan.org/issues/wpapua/2011/1103wpap.htm]
West Papua Report

March 2011

This is the 83rd in a series of monthly reports that focus on developments affecting Papuans. This series is produced by the non-profit West Papua Advocacy Team (WPAT) drawing on media accounts, other NGO assessments, and analysis and reporting from sources within West Papua. This report is co-published with the East Timor and Indonesia ActionNetwork (ETAN). Back issues are posted online at http://etan.org/issues/wpapua/default.htmQuestions regarding this report can be addressed to Edmund McWilliams at edmcw@msn.comThis e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it '; document.write( '' ); document.write( addy_text97322 ); document.write( '<\/a>' ); //--> This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it . If you wish to receive the report via e-mail, send a note to etan@etan.orgThis e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it .

Summary:

Newly obtained video footage reveals Indonesian security forces, including U.S. and Australian-backed Detachment 88 personnel, brutality in operations in West Papua's Central Highlands. Indonesian NGOs and prominent Papuans have faulted President Yudhoyono's newly announced approach to dialogue with Papuans with criticism of Jakarta's failure to end human rights violations and impunity by security forces as a basis for dialogue. Papuans criticized Jakarta's selection of a limited range of Papuans as dialogue partners and have urged a role for international mediators. A prominent West African leader has announced support for West Papua's self-determination. The chair of the Papuan Peoples Council (DAP) denounced the Indonesian government's policy of transmigration. The Asian Legal Resource Center has appealed to the UN Human Rights Council to address continued security force abuse of human rights in West Papua. A Papuan political prisoner who is gong blind as a result of an attack by a prison warder needs urgent care. A report from within West Papua details land grabs by the Indonesian military and "developers" which have targeted Papuans in the Sorong area. Hamish McDonald considers Papuans' struggle for self-determination in the light of recent similar successful examples within the international community.

Contents:
New Video Footage Reveals Indonesian Military Brutality [#New_Video]
Government's "Dialogue" Approach with Papuans Faulted [#Dialogue]
West African Leader Supports Papuan Self Determination [#West_African]
Chair of the Papuan People's Council Condemns Transmigration As Harmful To Local People [#Transmigration]
Human Rights Council Hears Urgent Appeal Regarding Human Rights Abuse in West Papua [#Rights_Council]
Journalist Organization Chief Calls for Reporting on Human Rights in West Papua [#Journalist]
Another Papuan Political Prisoner Denied Adequate Medical Treatment [#Political_Prisoner]
Military and Military-Backed "Developers" Seize Papuan Lands [#Lands]
Analysis Considers Papuan Self-Determination Struggle in Context of Similar Recent Successful Efforts [#Analysis]


New Video Footage Reveals Indonesian Military Brutality

Video footage released in early February reveals previously unseen Indonesian military brutality against Papuan civilians in Kapeso in 2009. The footage was released by West Papua Media and can be viewed here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VD0eFA4scTo

The video shows the late May 2009 raid on the Kapeso airstrip in the village of Kampung Bagusa in Mamberamo regency by troops from Indonesia's elite police counter-terrorism unit Detachment 88 as well as other security personnel from BRIMOB and other units. Detachment 88 [http://www.etan.org/news/2010/09d88.htm] was created at behest of the U.S. government and receives significant U.S. and Australian Government funding and training assistance.

The footage, filmed by a Detachment 88 officer on his mobile phone, shows the immediate aftermath of a raid to retake the airfield which had been occupied for several weeks by a small armed group and a large number of villagers. The bodies of at least five dead are visible on the ground and sporadic gunfire is clearly heard. It appears that the footage was taken well after the killing took place. Footage depicting security personnel taking cover behind desks appears to have been staged to suggest the conflict was continuing.

Disturbing scenes at the end of the footage appear to show two Papuan children tied up and being forced at gunpoint to crawl along the floor by the Indonesian military. The footage continues to show them in apparent pain while the soldiers taunt them. In another scene troops are shown firing at civilians cowering in adjacent brush.

Indonesian authorities have not investigated events surrounding the Kapeso occupation and shooting of civilians by security forces.

West Papua media commented that such footage of brutal Indonesian security force actions, amounting to 'trophy footage,' is rampant among troops operating in the region.

For all media enquiries please contact Nick Chesterfield at West Papua Media on wpmedia_admin@riseup.netThis e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it or +61409268978

In September 2010, East Timor and Indonesia ActionNetwork (ETAN) and West Papua Advocacy Team (WPAT) called for suspension of U.S. aid to Detachment 88 [http://www.etan.org/news/2010/09d88.htm] "pending review of charges leveled against the unit for systemic human rights violations, including use of torture."

Government's "Dialogue" Approach with Papuans Faulted

The "Alliance for Papua" on February 25 issued a press statement [https://lists.riseup.net/www/arc/reg.westpapua/2011-02/msg00082.html] that critiqued a government plan for dialogue with Papuans. The statement called on the government to better synchronize its plans for the dialogue with the reality of politics in Papua. (See below for composition of this NGO alliance.)

The initial government approach calls for two presidential assistants to engage in dialogue with Papuans who would be represented by the Papuan branch of the National Human Rights Commission (Komnas HAM), the Papuan People's Council (MRP), and the churches. The two presidential assistants are Bambang Darmono and Farid Husein.

The Alliance for Papua urged that the government to create appropriate conditions for dialogue by undertaking to "consistently protect and comply with the basic rights of the Papua people by ensuring that there is no repetition of violations of Papuan human rights." The alliance also urged that the government review the presence of the TNI security forces and the undercover security operations "that continue to occur."

According to the alliance, the government also should not proceed with the election of members of the MRP (Majelis Rakyat Papua, Papuan People's Council). The MRP is an institution that was mandated by Papua's special autonomy law (OTSUS). The vast majority of the Papuan people have declared that OTSUS has failed "because it has not taken sides with, given protection to, empowered and fulfilled the basic rights of the indigenous Papuan people."

The alliance points out that the government has nevertheless pressed ahead with the election of a second-term MRP in 15 districts of Papua. The second-term MRP is due to be sworn into office soon. The alliance objects to proceeding with the seating of the MRP because the election of MRP members "has not been transparent and has failed to comply with the [mandated] electoral stages." The alliance also contends that the counting of the votes has been deeply fraudulent.

The alliance argues that seating the fraudulently elected MRP members "will only reinforce the Papuan people's sense of disappointment towards a government that lacks any understanding and has shown no respect for local Papuan feelings."

For his part, the outgoing chairperson of the MRP, Forkorus Yoboisembut criticized the government approach to dialogue [https://lists.riseup.net/www/arc/reg.westpapua/2011-02/msg00083.html] by arguing that those Papuan groups that the government has announced as dialogue partners are not representative of the people because they don't fully understand the Papuan problem. He contended that the government approach to dialogue would amount to the government talking to itself " because they are all within the same system, and this would solve nothing." He urged instead that the dialogue be with DAP (Dewan Adat Papua, Papuan Traditional Council) , the Papuan resistance (OPM), the Papuan parliament, and other Papuan groups.

Separately, the executive director of LP3BH,Yan Christian Warinussy said a neutral party should mediate the Jakarta-Papua talks, He suggested an international group such as the Henri Dunant Centre or a foreign country with experience in handling conflict resolution, including Aceh.

WPAT Note: The Alliance for Papua in Jakarta was set up as an expression of solidarity with humanitarianism, in support of fellow human beings in their struggle for justice and truth. The Alliance includes KontraS, ANBTI, IKOHI, Imparsial, Foker LSM Papua, Setara Institute, HRWG, Komnas Perempuan, FNMPP, IPPMAUS, Forum Papua Kalimantan, PGI, Walhi, JIRA, LBH Pers.

West African Leader Supports Papuan Self Determination

WestPan, Canada's West Papua Action Network, reports that [http://www.westpapua.ca/en/node/653] the President of Senegal Abdoulaye Wade has become the first African leader to publicly back West Papua's bid for self determination, stating that "West Papua is now an issue for all black Africans."

His comments came in late January during a conference in Senegal's capital Dakar, attended by Benny Wenda, a West Papuan activist who was granted political asylum by the British Government in 2003. Benny Wenda addressed the audience, telling them about the situation in his homeland. Following his address Wenda presented the President with a Papuan headdress [http://www.freewestpapua.org/index.php/news-mainmenu-2/1376-video-news-senegal-photos-news-president-of-senegal-welcoming-west-papua-independence-leader-in-af] , and was warmly embraced by him. The President then addressed the audience, urging all African nations to take attention to the West Papua issue and do whatever they can to help.

In 1969, when Indonesia, with the backing of the United States, sought UN approval for its annexation of West Papua through the fraudulent "Act of Free Choice," it encountered significant resistance in West Africa where the memories of colonialism were still strong.

Papuan People's Council Condemns Transmigration as Harmful to Local People

Responding to a report that the government plans to send more transmigrants to Papua, the chair of Dewan Adat Papua (Papuan People's Council) Forkorus Yoboisembut https://lists.riseup.net/www/arc/reg.westpapua/2011-02/msg00051.htmlasserted that continuation of transmigration would transform the Papuan people into a minority in their own lands and trigger conflicts. "'As the representative of the adat(traditional) people in Papua, I reject the transmigration program which fails to safeguard the position of the local people," he said.

Forkorus's statement came after media reports that the central government has allocated Rp 600 billion to pay for the transmigration of people from Indonesia to a number of so-called "under-populated" places in the Indonesian archipelago, including Papua. https://lists.riseup.net/www/arc/reg.westpapua/2011-02/msg00068.html

"I hope the central government will consider this matter carefully because the transmigration program to Papua has already resulted in the marginalization of the indigenous people in the context of (so-called) development work," Forkorus stated.

Forkorus said that the location of transmigrants in many places in Papua has made it difficult for the local communities to preserve their own culture and lifestyles. Development of more luxurious migrant lifestyles, he explained, intensifies the marginalization of the local people.

In addition, because the government has lavished attention on the transmigrants, feelings of envy emerge.

Forkorus also noted that Papuans' marginalization in their own homeland is evidenced by the cat that vast majority of those now running the economy are non-Papuans. Forkorus added that Papuans are not yet able to compete with the newcomers in economic affairs.

(WPAT Comment: Papuans rank at the bottom in Indonesia in terms of central government provision of health care, education services and employment creation. In the province of West Kalimantan, decades of central government driven "transmigration" has transformed the indigenous Dayak into a minority in their homeland and led to conflicts, particularly with Madurese transmigrants, along the lines of Forkorus's concerns. The policy, abandoned during the Suharto dictatorship due to international condemnation, has been resumed under the Yudhoyono administration despite criticism that it is tantamount to ethnic cleansing.)

Human Rights Council Hears Urgent Appeal Regarding Human Rights Abuse in West Papua

On February 22, the Human Rights Council heard an urgent plea from the Asian Legal Resource Center (ALRC) regarding worsening human rights abuse in West Papua and the impunity accorded perpetrators of that abuse. The statement [http://www.ahrchk.net/statements/mainfile.php/2011statements/3097/] said in part:

The Asian Legal Resource Centre (ALRC) is seriously concerned by ongoing, widespread human rights violations and violent acts being committed by the Indonesian security forces in the Papuan highlands in Indonesia. Impunity typically accompanies even the most serious abuses, as shown by the lack of effective remedies in a case of severe torture that the ALRC has documented recently. Despite institutional reforms in Indonesia, effective accountability for human rights violations in Papua is lacking, resulting in impunity that then engenders further atrocities.

Impunity and the sense of injustice that it engenders in society are having a strong impact on social stability and cohesion in Papua. Repression, discrimination and human rights violations by the Indonesian security forces are adding to tensions. Papuans reportedly feel like second-class citizens in Indonesia, even within Papua itself, and face discrimination, poverty and injustice as a result. The military arbitrarily suspect Papuans of being linked with rebel groups and stigmatize them, subjecting them to abuse.

The ALRC statement recounts two of the more flagrant examples of abuse and impunity where military personnel were videoed beating and torturing Papuan civilians (see West Papua Report December 2010 [http://etan.org/issues/wpapua/2010/1012wpap.htm#Mislead] ). Those prosecuted for this received minimal sentences. The ALRC statement comments:

The government of Indonesia continues to deny the widespread use of violence by the Indonesian military in Papua, and alleges that these violations are rare and isolated, individual cases. However, the ALRC continues to receive further cases of violence against indigenous Papuans, including killings by the police and military, arbitrary arrests, the burning of houses and killing of livestock, which point to a widespread pattern of the use of violence, as well as a policy of intimidation by the Indonesian military. The statement underscores the inadequacy of the Indonesian military and civilian court systems for addressing the continuing abuses:

Human rights violations and other crimes committed against civilians by members of the military are still only tried by military courts, which lack independence, transparency, a comprehensive penal code incorporating human rights norms, and a system of punishments that are proportional to the severity of the crimes committed. A military tribunal is not able to hold perpetrators of torture accountable in line with international law standards. Such tribunals cannot invoke any military regulations that prohibit the use of torture. Therefore, perpetrators cannot be tried for committing torture and no remedies can therefore be provided to victims.
Furthermore, the country's penal code does not include torture as a crime. This means that members of the police that commit torture remain immune from criminal prosecution. Indonesia is therefore failing to comply with its obligations under the Convention Against Torture. Indonesia ratified the Convention against Torture in 1998, but the use of torture is still widespread and systematic...

The ALRC urgently calls for remedial action by the Indonesian government:

Jakarta must ensure that the security forces halt the use of excessive force and violence-based strategies in dealing with security-related issues in Papua. Allegations of human rights violations must be investigated and any lacuna in legislation and due process must be addressed. For example, torture must be criminalized in line with Indonesia's international obligations under the Convention Against Torture. Military personnel who are alleged to be responsible for human rights violations against civilians must be tried in civilian courts.

The ALRC also recommended that the Indonesian government undertake steps to reduce tensions and address outstanding injustice:

...the ALRC urges the Indonesian government to heed the call for dialogue made by the Papuan indigenous community and avoid afurther deterioration of the conflict in Papua. Finally, the ALRC calls on the Indonesian government to release all Papuan political prisoners,in order to show its commitment to a new path towards peace, security and human rights in Papua.

The ALRC underscored the role and responsibility of the international community in addressing the ongoing abuses and impunity:

The ALRC invites the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers to recommend institutional reforms to the government of Indonesia to ensure that members of the military are held accountable by independent courts that uphold human rights and constitutional values and ensure that these are made available to legislators in Indonesia.
The ALRC also requests that the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment follow up with the Indonesian government to ensure the full implementation of the recommendations made to Indonesia during the UPR review regarding the review of the penal code and the full criminalisation of torture.

Note: The Asian Legal Resource Centre is an independent regional non-governmental organization holding general consultative status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations. It is the sister organization of the Asian Human Rights Commission. The Hong Kong-based group seeks to strengthen and encourage positive action on legal and human rights issues at the local and national levels throughout Asia.

Journalist Organization Chief Calls for Reporting on Human Rights in West Papua

The chair of the the Papua chapter Alliance of Independent Journalists (AJI) speaking in Jayapura, urged the press in Papua to regularly monitor cases of human rights violations in Papua, according to a report published in February 11 JUBI [https://lists.riseup.net/www/arc/reg.westpapua/2011-02/msg00043.html] and translated by TAPOL.

AJI's Victor Mambor emphasized the importance of the media reporting the human rights situation in Papua saying this can help reduce acts of repression against the civilian population.

He added that many reports about human rights in Papua were only available from NGOs active in the field, and these were frequently quoted in reports that appear in the media. He stressed the importance in ensuring that these reports are accurate and credible. Journalists should provide the appropriate references to make it easier for others to investigate the violations that occur.

WPAT Comment: Reporting on human rights violations in West Papua, particularly in instances where the TNI or police were involved, pose risks for journalists. Manokwari area reporter Ardiansyah Matra [http://tapol.gn.apc.org/press/files/pr100811.html] was murdered in July 2010 following his investigative reporting regarding police and military coercion targeting civilians in the development of the MIFEE plantation project in Manokwari. AJI has been active [https://lists.riseup.net/www/arc/reg.westpapua/2010-09/msg00002.html] in following up on this case. [https://lists.riseup.net/www/arc/reg.westpapua/2010-09/msg00002.html] Government restrictions placed on foreign journalists and NGO personnel impede their access to West Papua and reporting on human rights in the region.

Papuan Political Prisoner Denied Adequate Medical Treatment

New concerns have been raised about the inadequate medical treatment afforded Papuan prisoners of conscience Ferdinand Pakage [http://www.hrw.org/en/node/90960/section/5] . He is going blind following a beating by prison authorities in 2010.

Peneas Lokbere, chair of SKPHP HAM Papua (Solidarity for the Victims of Human Rights Violations in Papua), told JUBI [https://lists.riseup.net/www/arc/reg.westpapua/2011-02/msg00052.html] that his organization is continuing to press for medical treatment for Ferdinand Pakage. "We will continue to fight for treatment after he was struck in the eye by an official of the Abepura Prison. This caused his eye to bleed and he is now not able to see any more with this eye" said Lokbere.

SKPHP is working with Pakage's family to press the prison authorities to speed up medical attention to his condition. Lokbere explained that his organization has been demanding treatment for Pakage since last year, when they sought permission for him to go to Jakarta where treatment is available. However, according to Lokbere, Prison Director Liberti Sitinjak refused permission for any transfer of Pakage out of West Papua. Lokbere noted that in 2010, Pakage was told by a doctor at the West Papua General Hospital in Dok II say that he needed to have an operation in Jakarta. The doctor said that his eye was badly damaged and that even if he does get medication in Jakarta, he will continue to be blind.

Pakage was assaulted by prison warders Alberth Toam, Victor Apono and Gustaf Rumaikewi while in detention in Abepura. Toam struck the blow that injured Pakage's eye. None of the warders has been held responsible for this assault. Pakage is now held in custody with common criminals, including those convicted of violent crimes.

Military and Military-Backed "Developers" Seize Papuan Lands

A Sorong-area leader has illegally transferred Papuan tribal lands to the Indonesian military (TNI) and to non-Papuans. The transferred land is vitally important, affording resources that are key to Papuan survival. Victims include Papuans belonging to various clans and tribes including the Osok, Mambringofok Idik and Fadan peoples in Klamono and Semugu and Kalaibin among others. The TNI has employed terror and intimidation targeting local Papuans to enforce the land transfers. The land sites are located along the Sorong to Klamono road at kilometer markers 16, 38 and 49 in the western end of the territory.

The military and non-Papuan developers will exploit the land for military base construction and oil palm plantation development. Specifically, local District Chief (Regent) Stefanus Malak provided land to the navy at km 16 and to the army at Km 38 to build a bases (the latter land belongs to the Semugu clan). Land was also transferred to the TNI, without tribal consent, at Km 49. This site will be used by the TNI to develop a palm oil plantation.

Seizure of land by the TNI, especially through use of force, violates various international obligations undertaken by Indonesia including the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People [http://www.iwgia.org/sw248.asp] Article 30:

"1. Military activities shall not take place in the lands or territories of indigenous peoples, unless justified by a relevant public interest or otherwise freely agreed to or requested by the indigenous peoples concerned.

"2. States shall undertake effective consultations with the indigenous peoples concerned, through appropriate procedures and in particular through their representative institutions, prior to using their lands or territories for military activities."

Analysis Considers Papuan Self-Determination Struggle in Context of Similar Recent Successful Efforts

The Sydney Morning Herald on February 26 published an analysis comparing Papua's struggle for self-determination with some recent anti-colonial struggles. "A Worm Inside the New Indonesia" [https://lists.riseup.net/www/arc/reg.westpapua/2011-02/msg00078.html] by veteran journalist Hamish McDonald draws on the experiences of south Sudan and Kosovo, two emerging nation states as potential models for West Papua. McDonald, former Foreign Editor of the Herald with extensive experience in Indonesia, concludes that these developments have had the effect of rendering "respect for the territorial integrity of states and post-colonial boundaries somewhat tattered."

Indonesia has long insisted that the international community affirmatively express public recognition of its "territorial integrity" in the context of West Papua. Similarly, Indonesia once demanded international recognition of its territorial integrity to include its annexation of East Timor, though with less success.

McDonald cites Akihisa Matsuno of Osaka University as suggesting that between Kosovo and southern Sudan, the later would appear to offer a more applicable precedent for West Papua. Sudan became independent in 1956 from British rule, but has been in civil war most of the time since. A 2005 peace agreement finally conceded a referendum on independence by the south. This suggests to Matsuno that a lack of integration between territories ruled by the same colonial power can justify a separate state. McDonald writes that ''this means that colonial boundaries are not as absolute as usually assumed.''

There is a broad international consensus that the 1969 Indonesian annexation of West Papua was in violation of its UN mandate to administer the territory and entailed a transparently fraudulent referendum, the "Act of Free Choice." McDonald writes that Richard Chauvel, an Indonesia scholar at Melbourne's Victoria University, described West Papua as Indonesia's ''Achilles' heel'' and the conference. Chauvel argued that, notwithstanding Indonesia's democratic progress since the fall of the Suharto dictatorship, West Papua remains "Indonesia's last and most intractable regional conflict.'' As such, Chauvel contends, ''Papua has become a battleground between a 'new' and an 'old' Indonesia. The 'old' Indonesia considers that its soldiers torturing fellow Indonesians in a most barbaric manner is an 'incident'. The 'new' Indonesia aspires to the ideals of its founders in working towards becoming a progressive, outward-looking, cosmopolitan, multi-ethnic and multi-faith society.''

McDonald concludes that, as demonstrated by the ongoing developments in the Middle East, "the new media make it harder and harder to draw a veil over suppression. In the Indonesia that is opening up, the exception of West Papua will become more glaring."

Back issues of [http://www.etan.org/issues/wpapua/default.htm] West Papua Report [http://www.etan.org/issues/wpapua/default.htm]


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West Papua Report March 2011

http://www.etan.org/issues/wpapua/2011/1103wpap.htm
[http://www.etan.org/issues/wpapua/2011/1103wpap.htm]
[http://www.etan.org/issues/wpapua/2011/1103wpap.htm]
West Papua Report

March 2011

This is the 83rd in a series of monthly reports that focus on developments affecting Papuans. This series is produced by the non-profit West Papua Advocacy Team (WPAT) drawing on media accounts, other NGO assessments, and analysis and reporting from sources within West Papua. This report is co-published with the East Timor and Indonesia ActionNetwork (ETAN). Back issues are posted online at http://etan.org/issues/wpapua/default.htmQuestions regarding this report can be addressed to Edmund McWilliams at edmcw@msn.comThis e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it '; document.write( '' ); document.write( addy_text97322 ); document.write( '<\/a>' ); //--> This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it . If you wish to receive the report via e-mail, send a note to etan@etan.orgThis e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it .

Summary:

Newly obtained video footage reveals Indonesian security forces, including U.S. and Australian-backed Detachment 88 personnel, brutality in operations in West Papua's Central Highlands. Indonesian NGOs and prominent Papuans have faulted President Yudhoyono's newly announced approach to dialogue with Papuans with criticism of Jakarta's failure to end human rights violations and impunity by security forces as a basis for dialogue. Papuans criticized Jakarta's selection of a limited range of Papuans as dialogue partners and have urged a role for international mediators. A prominent West African leader has announced support for West Papua's self-determination. The chair of the Papuan Peoples Council (DAP) denounced the Indonesian government's policy of transmigration. The Asian Legal Resource Center has appealed to the UN Human Rights Council to address continued security force abuse of human rights in West Papua. A Papuan political prisoner who is gong blind as a result of an attack by a prison warder needs urgent care. A report from within West Papua details land grabs by the Indonesian military and "developers" which have targeted Papuans in the Sorong area. Hamish McDonald considers Papuans' struggle for self-determination in the light of recent similar successful examples within the international community.

Contents:
New Video Footage Reveals Indonesian Military Brutality [#New_Video]
Government's "Dialogue" Approach with Papuans Faulted [#Dialogue]
West African Leader Supports Papuan Self Determination [#West_African]
Chair of the Papuan People's Council Condemns Transmigration As Harmful To Local People [#Transmigration]
Human Rights Council Hears Urgent Appeal Regarding Human Rights Abuse in West Papua [#Rights_Council]
Journalist Organization Chief Calls for Reporting on Human Rights in West Papua [#Journalist]
Another Papuan Political Prisoner Denied Adequate Medical Treatment [#Political_Prisoner]
Military and Military-Backed "Developers" Seize Papuan Lands [#Lands]
Analysis Considers Papuan Self-Determination Struggle in Context of Similar Recent Successful Efforts [#Analysis]


New Video Footage Reveals Indonesian Military Brutality

Video footage released in early February reveals previously unseen Indonesian military brutality against Papuan civilians in Kapeso in 2009. The footage was released by West Papua Media and can be viewed here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VD0eFA4scTo

The video shows the late May 2009 raid on the Kapeso airstrip in the village of Kampung Bagusa in Mamberamo regency by troops from Indonesia's elite police counter-terrorism unit Detachment 88 as well as other security personnel from BRIMOB and other units. Detachment 88 [http://www.etan.org/news/2010/09d88.htm] was created at behest of the U.S. government and receives significant U.S. and Australian Government funding and training assistance.

The footage, filmed by a Detachment 88 officer on his mobile phone, shows the immediate aftermath of a raid to retake the airfield which had been occupied for several weeks by a small armed group and a large number of villagers. The bodies of at least five dead are visible on the ground and sporadic gunfire is clearly heard. It appears that the footage was taken well after the killing took place. Footage depicting security personnel taking cover behind desks appears to have been staged to suggest the conflict was continuing.

Disturbing scenes at the end of the footage appear to show two Papuan children tied up and being forced at gunpoint to crawl along the floor by the Indonesian military. The footage continues to show them in apparent pain while the soldiers taunt them. In another scene troops are shown firing at civilians cowering in adjacent brush.

Indonesian authorities have not investigated events surrounding the Kapeso occupation and shooting of civilians by security forces.

West Papua media commented that such footage of brutal Indonesian security force actions, amounting to 'trophy footage,' is rampant among troops operating in the region.

For all media enquiries please contact Nick Chesterfield at West Papua Media on wpmedia_admin@riseup.netThis e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it or +61409268978

In September 2010, East Timor and Indonesia ActionNetwork (ETAN) and West Papua Advocacy Team (WPAT) called for suspension of U.S. aid to Detachment 88 [http://www.etan.org/news/2010/09d88.htm] "pending review of charges leveled against the unit for systemic human rights violations, including use of torture."

Government's "Dialogue" Approach with Papuans Faulted

The "Alliance for Papua" on February 25 issued a press statement [https://lists.riseup.net/www/arc/reg.westpapua/2011-02/msg00082.html] that critiqued a government plan for dialogue with Papuans. The statement called on the government to better synchronize its plans for the dialogue with the reality of politics in Papua. (See below for composition of this NGO alliance.)

The initial government approach calls for two presidential assistants to engage in dialogue with Papuans who would be represented by the Papuan branch of the National Human Rights Commission (Komnas HAM), the Papuan People's Council (MRP), and the churches. The two presidential assistants are Bambang Darmono and Farid Husein.

The Alliance for Papua urged that the government to create appropriate conditions for dialogue by undertaking to "consistently protect and comply with the basic rights of the Papua people by ensuring that there is no repetition of violations of Papuan human rights." The alliance also urged that the government review the presence of the TNI security forces and the undercover security operations "that continue to occur."

According to the alliance, the government also should not proceed with the election of members of the MRP (Majelis Rakyat Papua, Papuan People's Council). The MRP is an institution that was mandated by Papua's special autonomy law (OTSUS). The vast majority of the Papuan people have declared that OTSUS has failed "because it has not taken sides with, given protection to, empowered and fulfilled the basic rights of the indigenous Papuan people."

The alliance points out that the government has nevertheless pressed ahead with the election of a second-term MRP in 15 districts of Papua. The second-term MRP is due to be sworn into office soon. The alliance objects to proceeding with the seating of the MRP because the election of MRP members "has not been transparent and has failed to comply with the [mandated] electoral stages." The alliance also contends that the counting of the votes has been deeply fraudulent.

The alliance argues that seating the fraudulently elected MRP members "will only reinforce the Papuan people's sense of disappointment towards a government that lacks any understanding and has shown no respect for local Papuan feelings."

For his part, the outgoing chairperson of the MRP, Forkorus Yoboisembut criticized the government approach to dialogue [https://lists.riseup.net/www/arc/reg.westpapua/2011-02/msg00083.html] by arguing that those Papuan groups that the government has announced as dialogue partners are not representative of the people because they don't fully understand the Papuan problem. He contended that the government approach to dialogue would amount to the government talking to itself " because they are all within the same system, and this would solve nothing." He urged instead that the dialogue be with DAP (Dewan Adat Papua, Papuan Traditional Council) , the Papuan resistance (OPM), the Papuan parliament, and other Papuan groups.

Separately, the executive director of LP3BH,Yan Christian Warinussy said a neutral party should mediate the Jakarta-Papua talks, He suggested an international group such as the Henri Dunant Centre or a foreign country with experience in handling conflict resolution, including Aceh.

WPAT Note: The Alliance for Papua in Jakarta was set up as an expression of solidarity with humanitarianism, in support of fellow human beings in their struggle for justice and truth. The Alliance includes KontraS, ANBTI, IKOHI, Imparsial, Foker LSM Papua, Setara Institute, HRWG, Komnas Perempuan, FNMPP, IPPMAUS, Forum Papua Kalimantan, PGI, Walhi, JIRA, LBH Pers.

West African Leader Supports Papuan Self Determination

WestPan, Canada's West Papua Action Network, reports that [http://www.westpapua.ca/en/node/653] the President of Senegal Abdoulaye Wade has become the first African leader to publicly back West Papua's bid for self determination, stating that "West Papua is now an issue for all black Africans."

His comments came in late January during a conference in Senegal's capital Dakar, attended by Benny Wenda, a West Papuan activist who was granted political asylum by the British Government in 2003. Benny Wenda addressed the audience, telling them about the situation in his homeland. Following his address Wenda presented the President with a Papuan headdress [http://www.freewestpapua.org/index.php/news-mainmenu-2/1376-video-news-senegal-photos-news-president-of-senegal-welcoming-west-papua-independence-leader-in-af] , and was warmly embraced by him. The President then addressed the audience, urging all African nations to take attention to the West Papua issue and do whatever they can to help.

In 1969, when Indonesia, with the backing of the United States, sought UN approval for its annexation of West Papua through the fraudulent "Act of Free Choice," it encountered significant resistance in West Africa where the memories of colonialism were still strong.

Papuan People's Council Condemns Transmigration as Harmful to Local People

Responding to a report that the government plans to send more transmigrants to Papua, the chair of Dewan Adat Papua (Papuan People's Council) Forkorus Yoboisembut https://lists.riseup.net/www/arc/reg.westpapua/2011-02/msg00051.htmlasserted that continuation of transmigration would transform the Papuan people into a minority in their own lands and trigger conflicts. "'As the representative of the adat(traditional) people in Papua, I reject the transmigration program which fails to safeguard the position of the local people," he said.

Forkorus's statement came after media reports that the central government has allocated Rp 600 billion to pay for the transmigration of people from Indonesia to a number of so-called "under-populated" places in the Indonesian archipelago, including Papua. https://lists.riseup.net/www/arc/reg.westpapua/2011-02/msg00068.html

"I hope the central government will consider this matter carefully because the transmigration program to Papua has already resulted in the marginalization of the indigenous people in the context of (so-called) development work," Forkorus stated.

Forkorus said that the location of transmigrants in many places in Papua has made it difficult for the local communities to preserve their own culture and lifestyles. Development of more luxurious migrant lifestyles, he explained, intensifies the marginalization of the local people.

In addition, because the government has lavished attention on the transmigrants, feelings of envy emerge.

Forkorus also noted that Papuans' marginalization in their own homeland is evidenced by the cat that vast majority of those now running the economy are non-Papuans. Forkorus added that Papuans are not yet able to compete with the newcomers in economic affairs.

(WPAT Comment: Papuans rank at the bottom in Indonesia in terms of central government provision of health care, education services and employment creation. In the province of West Kalimantan, decades of central government driven "transmigration" has transformed the indigenous Dayak into a minority in their homeland and led to conflicts, particularly with Madurese transmigrants, along the lines of Forkorus's concerns. The policy, abandoned during the Suharto dictatorship due to international condemnation, has been resumed under the Yudhoyono administration despite criticism that it is tantamount to ethnic cleansing.)

Human Rights Council Hears Urgent Appeal Regarding Human Rights Abuse in West Papua

On February 22, the Human Rights Council heard an urgent plea from the Asian Legal Resource Center (ALRC) regarding worsening human rights abuse in West Papua and the impunity accorded perpetrators of that abuse. The statement [http://www.ahrchk.net/statements/mainfile.php/2011statements/3097/] said in part:

The Asian Legal Resource Centre (ALRC) is seriously concerned by ongoing, widespread human rights violations and violent acts being committed by the Indonesian security forces in the Papuan highlands in Indonesia. Impunity typically accompanies even the most serious abuses, as shown by the lack of effective remedies in a case of severe torture that the ALRC has documented recently. Despite institutional reforms in Indonesia, effective accountability for human rights violations in Papua is lacking, resulting in impunity that then engenders further atrocities.

Impunity and the sense of injustice that it engenders in society are having a strong impact on social stability and cohesion in Papua. Repression, discrimination and human rights violations by the Indonesian security forces are adding to tensions. Papuans reportedly feel like second-class citizens in Indonesia, even within Papua itself, and face discrimination, poverty and injustice as a result. The military arbitrarily suspect Papuans of being linked with rebel groups and stigmatize them, subjecting them to abuse.

The ALRC statement recounts two of the more flagrant examples of abuse and impunity where military personnel were videoed beating and torturing Papuan civilians (see West Papua Report December 2010 [http://etan.org/issues/wpapua/2010/1012wpap.htm#Mislead] ). Those prosecuted for this received minimal sentences. The ALRC statement comments:

The government of Indonesia continues to deny the widespread use of violence by the Indonesian military in Papua, and alleges that these violations are rare and isolated, individual cases. However, the ALRC continues to receive further cases of violence against indigenous Papuans, including killings by the police and military, arbitrary arrests, the burning of houses and killing of livestock, which point to a widespread pattern of the use of violence, as well as a policy of intimidation by the Indonesian military. The statement underscores the inadequacy of the Indonesian military and civilian court systems for addressing the continuing abuses:

Human rights violations and other crimes committed against civilians by members of the military are still only tried by military courts, which lack independence, transparency, a comprehensive penal code incorporating human rights norms, and a system of punishments that are proportional to the severity of the crimes committed. A military tribunal is not able to hold perpetrators of torture accountable in line with international law standards. Such tribunals cannot invoke any military regulations that prohibit the use of torture. Therefore, perpetrators cannot be tried for committing torture and no remedies can therefore be provided to victims.
Furthermore, the country's penal code does not include torture as a crime. This means that members of the police that commit torture remain immune from criminal prosecution. Indonesia is therefore failing to comply with its obligations under the Convention Against Torture. Indonesia ratified the Convention against Torture in 1998, but the use of torture is still widespread and systematic...

The ALRC urgently calls for remedial action by the Indonesian government:

Jakarta must ensure that the security forces halt the use of excessive force and violence-based strategies in dealing with security-related issues in Papua. Allegations of human rights violations must be investigated and any lacuna in legislation and due process must be addressed. For example, torture must be criminalized in line with Indonesia's international obligations under the Convention Against Torture. Military personnel who are alleged to be responsible for human rights violations against civilians must be tried in civilian courts.

The ALRC also recommended that the Indonesian government undertake steps to reduce tensions and address outstanding injustice:

...the ALRC urges the Indonesian government to heed the call for dialogue made by the Papuan indigenous community and avoid afurther deterioration of the conflict in Papua. Finally, the ALRC calls on the Indonesian government to release all Papuan political prisoners,in order to show its commitment to a new path towards peace, security and human rights in Papua.

The ALRC underscored the role and responsibility of the international community in addressing the ongoing abuses and impunity:

The ALRC invites the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers to recommend institutional reforms to the government of Indonesia to ensure that members of the military are held accountable by independent courts that uphold human rights and constitutional values and ensure that these are made available to legislators in Indonesia.
The ALRC also requests that the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment follow up with the Indonesian government to ensure the full implementation of the recommendations made to Indonesia during the UPR review regarding the review of the penal code and the full criminalisation of torture.

Note: The Asian Legal Resource Centre is an independent regional non-governmental organization holding general consultative status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations. It is the sister organization of the Asian Human Rights Commission. The Hong Kong-based group seeks to strengthen and encourage positive action on legal and human rights issues at the local and national levels throughout Asia.

Journalist Organization Chief Calls for Reporting on Human Rights in West Papua

The chair of the the Papua chapter Alliance of Independent Journalists (AJI) speaking in Jayapura, urged the press in Papua to regularly monitor cases of human rights violations in Papua, according to a report published in February 11 JUBI [https://lists.riseup.net/www/arc/reg.westpapua/2011-02/msg00043.html] and translated by TAPOL.

AJI's Victor Mambor emphasized the importance of the media reporting the human rights situation in Papua saying this can help reduce acts of repression against the civilian population.

He added that many reports about human rights in Papua were only available from NGOs active in the field, and these were frequently quoted in reports that appear in the media. He stressed the importance in ensuring that these reports are accurate and credible. Journalists should provide the appropriate references to make it easier for others to investigate the violations that occur.

WPAT Comment: Reporting on human rights violations in West Papua, particularly in instances where the TNI or police were involved, pose risks for journalists. Manokwari area reporter Ardiansyah Matra [http://tapol.gn.apc.org/press/files/pr100811.html] was murdered in July 2010 following his investigative reporting regarding police and military coercion targeting civilians in the development of the MIFEE plantation project in Manokwari. AJI has been active [https://lists.riseup.net/www/arc/reg.westpapua/2010-09/msg00002.html] in following up on this case. [https://lists.riseup.net/www/arc/reg.westpapua/2010-09/msg00002.html] Government restrictions placed on foreign journalists and NGO personnel impede their access to West Papua and reporting on human rights in the region.

Papuan Political Prisoner Denied Adequate Medical Treatment

New concerns have been raised about the inadequate medical treatment afforded Papuan prisoners of conscience Ferdinand Pakage [http://www.hrw.org/en/node/90960/section/5] . He is going blind following a beating by prison authorities in 2010.

Peneas Lokbere, chair of SKPHP HAM Papua (Solidarity for the Victims of Human Rights Violations in Papua), told JUBI [https://lists.riseup.net/www/arc/reg.westpapua/2011-02/msg00052.html] that his organization is continuing to press for medical treatment for Ferdinand Pakage. "We will continue to fight for treatment after he was struck in the eye by an official of the Abepura Prison. This caused his eye to bleed and he is now not able to see any more with this eye" said Lokbere.

SKPHP is working with Pakage's family to press the prison authorities to speed up medical attention to his condition. Lokbere explained that his organization has been demanding treatment for Pakage since last year, when they sought permission for him to go to Jakarta where treatment is available. However, according to Lokbere, Prison Director Liberti Sitinjak refused permission for any transfer of Pakage out of West Papua. Lokbere noted that in 2010, Pakage was told by a doctor at the West Papua General Hospital in Dok II say that he needed to have an operation in Jakarta. The doctor said that his eye was badly damaged and that even if he does get medication in Jakarta, he will continue to be blind.

Pakage was assaulted by prison warders Alberth Toam, Victor Apono and Gustaf Rumaikewi while in detention in Abepura. Toam struck the blow that injured Pakage's eye. None of the warders has been held responsible for this assault. Pakage is now held in custody with common criminals, including those convicted of violent crimes.

Military and Military-Backed "Developers" Seize Papuan Lands

A Sorong-area leader has illegally transferred Papuan tribal lands to the Indonesian military (TNI) and to non-Papuans. The transferred land is vitally important, affording resources that are key to Papuan survival. Victims include Papuans belonging to various clans and tribes including the Osok, Mambringofok Idik and Fadan peoples in Klamono and Semugu and Kalaibin among others. The TNI has employed terror and intimidation targeting local Papuans to enforce the land transfers. The land sites are located along the Sorong to Klamono road at kilometer markers 16, 38 and 49 in the western end of the territory.

The military and non-Papuan developers will exploit the land for military base construction and oil palm plantation development. Specifically, local District Chief (Regent) Stefanus Malak provided land to the navy at km 16 and to the army at Km 38 to build a bases (the latter land belongs to the Semugu clan). Land was also transferred to the TNI, without tribal consent, at Km 49. This site will be used by the TNI to develop a palm oil plantation.

Seizure of land by the TNI, especially through use of force, violates various international obligations undertaken by Indonesia including the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People [http://www.iwgia.org/sw248.asp] Article 30:

"1. Military activities shall not take place in the lands or territories of indigenous peoples, unless justified by a relevant public interest or otherwise freely agreed to or requested by the indigenous peoples concerned.

"2. States shall undertake effective consultations with the indigenous peoples concerned, through appropriate procedures and in particular through their representative institutions, prior to using their lands or territories for military activities."

Analysis Considers Papuan Self-Determination Struggle in Context of Similar Recent Successful Efforts

The Sydney Morning Herald on February 26 published an analysis comparing Papua's struggle for self-determination with some recent anti-colonial struggles. "A Worm Inside the New Indonesia" [https://lists.riseup.net/www/arc/reg.westpapua/2011-02/msg00078.html] by veteran journalist Hamish McDonald draws on the experiences of south Sudan and Kosovo, two emerging nation states as potential models for West Papua. McDonald, former Foreign Editor of the Herald with extensive experience in Indonesia, concludes that these developments have had the effect of rendering "respect for the territorial integrity of states and post-colonial boundaries somewhat tattered."

Indonesia has long insisted that the international community affirmatively express public recognition of its "territorial integrity" in the context of West Papua. Similarly, Indonesia once demanded international recognition of its territorial integrity to include its annexation of East Timor, though with less success.

McDonald cites Akihisa Matsuno of Osaka University as suggesting that between Kosovo and southern Sudan, the later would appear to offer a more applicable precedent for West Papua. Sudan became independent in 1956 from British rule, but has been in civil war most of the time since. A 2005 peace agreement finally conceded a referendum on independence by the south. This suggests to Matsuno that a lack of integration between territories ruled by the same colonial power can justify a separate state. McDonald writes that ''this means that colonial boundaries are not as absolute as usually assumed.''

There is a broad international consensus that the 1969 Indonesian annexation of West Papua was in violation of its UN mandate to administer the territory and entailed a transparently fraudulent referendum, the "Act of Free Choice." McDonald writes that Richard Chauvel, an Indonesia scholar at Melbourne's Victoria University, described West Papua as Indonesia's ''Achilles' heel'' and the conference. Chauvel argued that, notwithstanding Indonesia's democratic progress since the fall of the Suharto dictatorship, West Papua remains "Indonesia's last and most intractable regional conflict.'' As such, Chauvel contends, ''Papua has become a battleground between a 'new' and an 'old' Indonesia. The 'old' Indonesia considers that its soldiers torturing fellow Indonesians in a most barbaric manner is an 'incident'. The 'new' Indonesia aspires to the ideals of its founders in working towards becoming a progressive, outward-looking, cosmopolitan, multi-ethnic and multi-faith society.''

McDonald concludes that, as demonstrated by the ongoing developments in the Middle East, "the new media make it harder and harder to draw a veil over suppression. In the Indonesia that is opening up, the exception of West Papua will become more glaring."

Back issues of [http://www.etan.org/issues/wpapua/default.htm] West Papua Report [http://www.etan.org/issues/wpapua/default.htm]


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10 Maret 2011

SINDIRAN DIBALIK KESAN BERMARTABAT
By: Micky Gombo

“Jangan mudah terpengaruh”, seperti itulah nasihat orang tua kepada anaknya. Nasihat/petuah itu diberikan karena orang tua tersebut sangat menyayangi si anaknya, bukan membencinya. Mengapa orang tua memberikan nasihat seperti itu, karena ia sangat menginginkan anaknya harus sukses dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan serta masa depan karirnya.
Namun, anak yang sudah terlanjur dalam dunianya, tidak mudah merubah bahkan sering membangkang bahkan bersikap pura-pura baik (hypocrite), akhirnya apa yang terjadi, brocken lah hidupnya. Kira-kira seperti itu terjadi pada anak yang sok tahu, sok jago, sok pinter, sok berkuasa. Ada bunyi pepatah klasik bahwa ” Tupai itu pandai-pandai melompat, namun suatu ketika dia jatuh juga ke tanah”. Sering kali manusia dalam melakukan sebuah kegiatan tentunya melakoni berbagai cara untuk meloloskan/menghasilkan kegiatan tersebut. Misalnya, Kedua pemuda dan pemudi melakukan suatu hubungan selalu mencari cara dan menggunakan trik tersebut untuk mengelabui orang tua kedua pasangan itu, namun pada akhirnya ketangkap juga perilaku dan dampaknya.
Cara itu juga dipakai oleh manusia di dunia ini baik itu individu, kelompok atau lembaga untuk merencanakan segala ragam program dengan mengatas namakan “Pembangunan, Kesejahteraan Umum, dsb untuk menghancurkan harga diri manusia di suatu wilayah atau daerah. Dalam hal ini kita mencermati kondisi masyarakat modern saat ini, diperkenalkan dengan istilah “ TRANSFER TEKNOLOGI” antar Negara. Dalam melakukan persetujuan untuk melakukan kegiatan transfer teknogi ini dengan cara yang sangat simpatik dan elegant antar kedua kelompok itu. Si pemberi teknologi hadir dengan sikap yang simpatik kepada pemimpin kelompok penerima teknologi oleh janji manis (lip service) dari kelompok pemberi. Sehingga hancurlah hati si penerima tanpa memikirkan mahalnya harga diri sebagai suatu kelompok masyarakat yang memiliki potensi yang sangat besar untuk mampu melakukan sama dengan si pemberi. Cara seperti inilah dimana awal menghancurkannya potensi diri dengan cara menjual diri dengan harga yang murah.
Padahal, teknologi yang ditransfer tersebut dianggap oleh si pemberi teknologi sudah sangat USANG.(Kadarluwarsa). Di tinjau secara ekonomi, negara mana atau siapa yang mau menjual tekonologi ciptaannya dengan murah kepada Negara lain untuk mengembangkan di wilayahnya?. Hal itu sangat tidak mungkin (imposible). Karena kelompok pemilik teknologi tahu bahwa teknologi itulah memberi nafkah kepada keluarganya, kelompoknya dan bahkan negaranya. Untuk itu selama ini ada kelompok masyarakat atau negara berkembang yang hendak menerima teknologi baru dalam program Tranfer Teknogi berarti perlu menyadari bahwa anda tidak pernah dihargai sebagai manusia yang memiliki potensi teknologi. Program ini merupakan program penyindiran kepada kelompok tertentu oleh si pemberi teknologi. Mereka berfikir bahwa hasil produk dari teknologi itu rendah dan tidak dapat menyaingi dia sebagai pemilik utama merek teknologi.(Trasna, 2011)
Kalau seperti itu terjadi, maka siapa yang disalahkan?. Perlu direfleksi dengan baik. Berhubungan dengan itu Ilmuwan besar Yunani Aris toteles mengatakan bahwa Jalan ke surga itu dihiasi penuh kebaikan.(Deliarnov,2009:hl.) Kebaikan dalam arti kebaikan semu. Jangan berfikir bahwa pemberian teknologi itu berarti mereka (pemberi) menghargai potensi dan kemampuan anda, namun justru mereka menghina eksistensi keilmuan anda dan semua yang dimilikinya. Dari mana asal datangnya penghinaan itu?.Penghinaan itu terjadi karena pilihan yang tidak selektif. Hidup ini memang pilihan, namun pilihan mustinya selektif dan menguji pula kualitas pilihan kita, bahwa berapa lamakah pilihan itu dapat mensejahterakan atau menolong saya. Pilihan bukan pilihan tanpa selektif asal senang. Kesalahan atau musibah itu penyebabnya bukan siapa-siapa, namun semua itu terlahir dari dirinya sendiri dimana tidak pernah menghargai potensi dirinya sebagai manusia yang memiliki kemampuan sama dengan kelompok umat manusia lain didunia ini.
Ada beberapa penyebab penghinaan, yaitu:
1. Tidak selektif menerima;
2. Tidak menghormati keilmuan anak negeri;
3. Tidak pernah memanage dengan baik dan benar potensi diri;
4. Ikut-ikutan atau tak berpendirian.
5. Terkikisnya rasa Nasionalisme.
Kalau seperti itu adanya, sampai kealam kuburpun tidak pernah dihargai bahkan dikemas bukan dengan kain lenan, namun dikemas jenazahnya dengan karung goni, karena dirinya tidak pernah menghargai diri sendiri sebagai manusia layaknya. Bangkitkan semangatmu, bangkitkan nasionalismemu, sebab itulah modal dan harga diri yang harus dipertahankan, walaupun kerja sama itu sangat penting. Karena kerja sama dengan maksud terselubung juga dapat merugikan pihak lain. Pihak lain memperoleh keuntungan dalam kebutaan pihak lain tentang informasi objek yang diberikan atau dipertukarkan.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Reference: Deliarnov,2009: Perkembangan Pemikiran Ekonomi; Raja wali Press. Trasna:2011. Diktat Ekon.Perencanaan, Pascasarjana MIA, UNCEN. Agus Herta S, 2010: Jurus Mabuk Membangun Ekonomi Rakyat,. Indeks. Pius A.Partanto, 2010:Kamus Populer Ilmiah,

Sindiran Dibalik Kesan Bermartabat

03 Maret 2011

Family approach /Culture Approach sebagai pendekatan Belajar


Family approach /Culture Approach sebagai pendekatan Belajar 

By: Mickaus Gombo, S.Pd


Istilah pendidikan sudah dan atau sering didengar oleh setiap manusia yang di Negara Kesatuan RI ini, tapi kata pendidikan sendiri tak pernah dimengerti/dipahami baik oleh pelaku dan oleh pengikut pendidikan. Jika kami katakan pendidikan saja maka pasti banyak orang punya pemahaman dan secara spontan membayangkan bahwa pendidikan berarti bangunan megah, ada guru yang berseragam, ada siswa yang berseragam dan ada kegiatan atau ada suara yang diributkan dari kompleks/lokasi dimana telah ditunjukan oleh pelaku dan penerima pendidikan. Dan lagipula kata pendidikan ini sangat rancu karena pendidikan sendiri harus disertai pengajaran supaya sasarannya jelas dan dia berorientasinya kemana. Karena banyak sekali mucul dengan digandengkan istilah bahwa pendidikan Ekonomi, Pendidikan Politik, ect.

Hal ini sering membingungkan. Tapi sebetulnya tidak terlambat karena masih ada waktu untuk meluruskan penjelasan seperti ini kepada publik. Melalui berbagai event seperti Education awareness, melalui media Internet seperti situs www.duniabelar.com seperti ini atau melalui seminar dengan mencari sasaran-sasaran yang tepat. Mencari sasaran seperti itu perlu dilakukan study-study kasus agar berdasarkan penemuan kasus ( Cases discovery )dapat memberi pertolongan kepada orang yang membutuhkan. Sejauh ini dimana tahun berganti tahun namun pendidikan negara kita selalu berada pada posisi yang terbaik dengan urutan dari bawah.

Walaupun ada keberhasilan yang dicapai oleh beberapa daerah di Republik ini tapi bagi pribadi kami itu bukan keberhasilan negara kita sebab pendidikan dan pengajaran tidak diambil sample-sample atau kata lain " Pendidikan Asal Jadi/asal cukup terwakili". Pikiran seperti ini sama seperti negara hanya bergantung pada nasip atau atau kami sebut "Negara Pesimis". Dengan demikian perlu adanya pembenahan secara komprehensif berdasarkan masukan ( imput )dari bawah.( Dari sumber mana saja dan oleh siapa saja). Sebetulnya banyak pemerhati pendidikan dari kelompok mana saja ada guru, Kepsek, Dosen, LSM, dan ada juga masyarakat yang merupakan inisiator pendidikan.

Oleh karena kami selaku pendidik menempatkan diri untuk menulis tulisan ini kepada publik melalui media ini. Kami mencoba mengajar orang Indonesia yang ada wilayah/daerah kami dengan berbagai metode dan pendekatan yang ditawarkan oleh para ahli melalui psykologi pendidikan, tapi kami merasakan belum cocok untuk membantu peserta belajar, hanya sedikit tadik tertolong dibandingkan dengan peserta didik yang lain. Dengan demikian kami mempunyai penemuan yang pendekatan sangat efektif dan pengaruh dalam perkembangan belajar pada peserta didik. Pendekatan yang kami temukan adalah "Pendekatan budaya" atau kami usul dengan nama lain " Pendekatan Keluarga ". dalam bahasa lain kami usul dengan dalam bahasa Inggris; " Culture Approach or " Family Approach". Artinya setiap pengajar dan pendidik harus beradaptasi dulu sebelum mengajar dan dia harus belajar budaya setempat dalam hal ini: salah yang dikuasai adalah bahasa local ( Lacal langguage ) dan Berkarekter minimal seperti budaya lokal dengan demikian kehadiran si pendidik dapat diterima oleh tadik. Itu berarti bahwa apa yang disampaikan oleh dipendidik or pengajar tadi benar-benar dapat diterima dan terendensi oleh peserta didik. Hal-hal yang perlu dilakukan pengajar or pendidik adalah; sbb:

1, Adaptasi bahasa ( logat );

2. Carakter hidup;

3. Pergaulan sehari-hari;

4. Sapaan yang digunakan terhadap siswa;

Ke-empat hal diatas merupakan hal penting mempengaruhi psykologi peserta didik agar mereka dapat menerima kehadiran si pandidik selaku pendidik dan sekaligus pengajar yang baik tapi tidak cukup sampai disitu namum pendidik harus berusaha tunjukan sifat kebapaan jika pendidik berjenis kelamin male dan sebaliknya pendidiknya Ibu silahkan bersikap seperti Mama /feminin dari anak-anak supaya cara dan style ini dapat diterima oleh para tadik.

Demikian tulisan ini semoga apa yang terkandung dalam tulisan ini dapat bermanfaat dan mempunyai nilai sumbang bagi proses perjalanan pendidikan dinegara Indonesia Raya ini.

By: Mickaus Gombo, S.Pd

Dosen Tetap di SKIP YPPGI Abdi Wacana, dan Dosen Part Time di STKIP Kristen Wamena di Bidang Matematika.Kab. Jayawijaya,Papua, INA